1000
BCE A ceremonial complex consisting of several platforms, a sunken courtyard,
and a series of rooms is constructed at Kuntur Wasi (also known as La Copa for
the hill on which it is built), located near the headwaters of the Jequetepeque
River in northern Peru. The image of a sacred anthropomorphic effigy in clay,
about thirty inches high, is deposited in the floor of one of the rooms.
Painted with cinnabar red, malachite green, and black, yellow, and pink, its
face has big square eyes and a wide mouth with prominent canine teeth.
950
BCE A fifteen-feet-tall monolith representing a deity image with clawed hands
and feet, and a huge, fanged, grinning mouth, is erected in one of the many
interior spaces of the Old Temple at Chavín de Huantar. It is now known as the
Lanzón.
900
BCE At Manchay Bajo in Peru's Lurín Valley, a great wall, 820 yards long,
protects the U-shaped temple complex from the flooding and mudslides of the
central coast.
850
BCE Chavín de Huantar attracts large numbers of pilgrims and vast amounts
of tribute. The resident population includes specialist artisans who produce
high-quality stone-relief carvings, fine ceramics, textiles, and gold objects
with Chavin
800
BCE The Wankarani people live in the Bolivian Altiplano north of Lake Poopó in
villages of round adobe houses painted yellow on the interior and red on the
outside. Stone tenon heads of llamas and alpacas are carved, perhaps initially
clustered in the ground near ceremonial structures.
750
BCE Ceramic vessels in the northern Peruvian valleys where subtle
stylistic variations exist, are fired in subsurface kilns in well-controlled
environments. Specialized potters produce single-spout and stirrup-spout
bottles, apparently used for liquids such as maize beer. Most are dark brown or
gray and monochrome; many are decorated with modeled felines, raptorial birds,
and snakes. Surface texturing is also used.
600
BCE Many centers that have belonged to the monumental U-shaped temple
tradition on Peru's north and central coasts for over a thousand years are
abandoned, perhaps as a result of the devastasting floods of El Niño events.
600
BCE An important individual is laid to rest at Kuntur Wasi. His lavish
shaft tomb contains a seven-inch-high crown of hammered sheet gold with
fourteen human-head dangles in its diamond-shaped openings. Ceramics from the
site show strong affinities with contemporary north coast Cupisnique wares.
600
BCE In the southern Andes, on the Bolivian side of Lake Titicaca, construction
begins on the ceremonial complex at Chiripá. The complex is formed of a series
of one-room rectangular buildings around a central patio with a sunken court.
The walls of some are painted and have niches on the inside.
500
BCE Chavín power begins to wane. Construction of monumental architecture in the
north ceases; some centers are abandoned.
500
BCE The Yaya-Mama (meaning "Father-Mother" in the Quechua
language) religious tradition is believed to have flourished in the southern
Altiplano. Male-female imagery of paired
deities is carved on
stone stelae at ceremonial sites in the Lake Titicaca region.
400
BCE The site of Karwa, five miles from the Paracas Peninsula on Peru's south
coast, is perhaps the regional Chavín center. Ceramics, pyro-engraved gourds,
and textiles are decorated with Chavín-style motifs.
300
BCE The people living on the barren, windswept Paracas Peninsula bury
their dead in elaborate funerary bundles. The bodies are wrapped in layer upon
layer of fine plain cloth and colorful textiles embroidered with images of
animals and elaborately attired supernaturals.
300
BCE The most characteristic ceramic vessel shape on Peru's south coast is the
double-spout-and-bridge bottle. Chamber designs are outlined by incision and
covered after firing with brilliantly colored resin-based pigments.
200
BCE Pukará is the largest settlement in the Altiplano north of Lake
Titicaca, covering approximately 900 acres. U-shaped courts flanked by fine
masonry structures are part of the complex. Three-dimensional stone sculptures
depict blocky humans with accentuated ribs and prominent square eyes. Ceramics
are slip painted in red, black, white, and yellow, with incisions outlining
motifs of frontal humans, spotted cats, llamas, and geometric patterns.
200
BCE On the north coast of Peru, orange-red ware vessels, fired in an oxidizing
atmosphere and often decorated with designs in white slip, are made by the
Salinar people of the Virú Valley. Red-ware vessels replace the dark
monochromes made in the area in previous centuries. In form, Salinar ceramics
show continuities with Cupisnique wares.
150
BCE The site of Tiwanaku on the south side of Bolivia's Lake Titicaca is laid
out in a grid pattern with civic-ceremonial structures and elite residences
forming the center. They are surrounded by a moat. Stone sculptures in
Yaya-Mama style, with low-relief carvings of human and animal figures and
undulating snakes, are erected.
100
BCE In the south, the Nazca peoples living in the Ica Valley and in the
Río Grande de Nazca drainage are impressive weavers, producing cloth using many
techniques of the earlier Paracas people. Technically and aesthetically complex
works are made.
1
CE The Vicús people in Peru's upper Piura Valley bury their dead in
shaft-and-chamber tombs as deep as twenty-nine feet. Among the rich grave goods
are hand-modeled ceramics with negative, or resist, decoration depicting human
and animal forms. Some show similarities to contemporary late Chorrera ceramics
produced in Ecuador, while others resemble styles made by more southern
peoples.
50
CE At the site of Sipán in the Lambayeque Valley, a powerful ruler of the Moche
people is laid to rest accompanied by a female attendant and a sacrificial
llama. Covered with lavish amounts of finely crafted ornaments, the
approximately 50-year old ruler wears necklaces, ear and nose ornaments, and
headdresses of gold, silver, turquoise, and shell. Entirely enveloped in reed
mats and textiles, the funerary bundle thus formed is encircled by a necklace
consisting of ten gold beads each measuring 3 1/4 inches in diameter; they
represent spiders with human faces on their backs.
100
CE The Moche build urban centers in the northern coastal valleys. In the
Moche Valley, construction begins on the Huaca del Sol (Pyramid of the Sun) and
Huaca de la Luna (Pyramid of the Moon). Mold-made sun-dried adobe bricks carry
distinctive maker's marks, ranging from hand- and footprints to circles and
squiggles. Laid in tall, columnlike segments, they create terraced mounds. At
completion, the Huaca del Sol consists of an estimated 143 million individual
adobe bricks painted red on the outside.
100
CE Inhabiting the fertile coastal valleys of north-central Chile, the El
Molle peoples place decorated ceramics, stone pipes, and lip plugs of polished
jasper, opal, and onyx in the tombs of their dead.
100
CE The site of Gallinazo in the middle Virú Valley covers approximately
three square miles; it is one of the first urban centers in the central Andes.
Its ceremonial heart is a complex of adobe structures, pyramids up to
seventy-five feet high, platforms, and walled courtyards. Surrounding it are
apartment-like rooms, presumably dwellings for a resident population. Gallinazo
may be the capital of the first multivalley state in the central Andes.
150
CE Cahuachi, on the south bank of the Nazca River, is the dominant
ceremonial site in southern Peru. Sprawling over forty low-lying hills capped
with adobe structures, it is a pilgrimage center that attracts hundreds of
worshippers to the region.
150
CE Gallinazo ceramics emphasize modeling and resist, or negative,
painting. Bottles with strap handles and single, tapering spouts, decorated
with a variety of animals and humans, are typical; trophy heads and erotic
scenes are new subjects.
200
CE At Cerro Callingará, close to the town of Frías near the
Ecuadorian/Peruvian border, an impressive number of exquisitely crafted gold
objects, totaling 3.7 kg in weight, are buried. Stylistically and
technologically related to gold works from Ecuador and Colombia, the remarkable
pieces are sizable headdresses, ear ornaments, staff decorations, and
sculptures of humans and animals. The objects are made of individually shaped
pieces of sheet gold joined mechanically or by soldering.
200
CE In the desert region of the Pampa of Nazca, south coast peoples create a
labyrinth of large-scale geoglyphs, or ground drawings, of animals, birds,
straight lines, and geometric shapes, by removing the dark surface layer
revealing the lighter colored soil beneath.
250
CE The ruling elite of the northernmost province of the Moche state is buried
in the cemetery known as Loma Negra in the Piura Valley. Sumptuous tomb
furnishings include large numbers of gold and silver ornaments, and sizable
decorated gilt-copper disks and emblems.
260
CE A funerary chamber measuring about 15 by 15 feet is built of sun-dried
bricks at Sipán, perhaps the seat of a regional Moche court in the Lambayeque
Valley. The wooden coffin of the ruler is surrounded by numerous offerings and
the mortal remains of eight retainers. The ruler's body is enveloped in a rich
and varied array of finery, emblems, metallic vestments, and ornaments made of
precious materials.
300
CE Fine ceramics, brilliantly colored with mineral-based pigments before
firing, are produced by Nazca potters on Peru's south coast. Vessel forms are
double-spout-and-bridge bottles, bowls, and tall vases with round bottoms.
Subject matter ranges from naturalistically rendered plants and animals to
complex mythological beings wearing masks and elaborate costumes.
300
CE Metalworking is well established in northwest Argentina. Condorhuasi
metalsmiths produce ornaments of hammered gold, copper, and silver; plaques,
probably worn as pendants, in the form of elongated hexagons with an
hourglass-shaped cutout in the center, are typical.
350
CE The Huarpa people live in small, scattered residential communities in
the Ayacucho area of the Peruvian highlands, where they build agricultural
terraces. Their ceramics are embellished with red and black designs on
white-slipped surfaces. They show a mix of local styles and Nazca influence
from the coast.
400
CE In central Tiwanaku, the impressive
ceremonial/civic structures of the Kalasasaya platform, the Akapana, and the
semi-subterranean temple, are constructed using architectural forms
characteristic of the earlier, local Yama-Mama tradition. Precisely cut stone
and grand monolithic gateways, some carved with sacred imagery, are featured.
400
CE In the oasis of San Pedro de Atacama in northern Chile, located 7,800
feet above sea level, farmers and herders live in small villages of single
architectural complexes build around patios and passages. Decorated wooden
snuff trays and clay pipes for the consumption of hallucinogenic substances and
tobacco are in use.
400
CE Maranga in the Rímac Valley is the preeminent center on Peru's central
coast. Several tiered platform mounds are constructed of thousands of adobe
bricks (some are still visible within modern Lima). The largest measures about
840 by 320 feet at its base and is covered with plaster and painted yellow.
400
CE The Tafí culture of northwest Argentina produces a wide range of works
in stone. Geometricized masks of human faces, ceremonial vessels and mortars in
the form of humans and animals, and stelae up to five feet tall, bearing relief
carvings of human faces and snakes, are among them.
450
CE The Huaca de la Luna at Moche and the principle temple mound at El Brujo in
the Chicama Valley are decorated with polychrome adobe friezes and murals
depicting deities and rituals.
500
CE In the Callejón de Huaylas in the central highlands, small independent
militaristic polities, such as Recuay, produce sculpture depicting squat human
figures, about three feet tall, carrying clubs, shields, and trophy heads.
Ceramics made of a white kaolin clay are decorated with tricolor resist
painting. A feline creature with a curled tail, large clawed paws, a round eye,
and an open, heavily toothed mouth is a prominent image.
500
CE The largest administrative and ceremonial center of the Moche in the
Moche Valley has an urban population of some 10,000 people. Highly skilled,
full-time craft specialists produce large amounts of modeled and painted
ceramic vessels, colorful textiles, and grand metal ornaments bearing religious
images for the rulers and deities.
500
CE The important center of Cahuachi in the Nazca Valley becomes
a burial ground and site for special offerings. It has been the location of
organized ritual and pilgrimage activity for many centuries.
500
CE The Gateway of the Sun is erected at Tiwanaku. Cut from a monumental,
rectangular block of stone, it has a narrow doorway cut through the center. The
frieze is carved in low relief with a complex grouping of mythological figures.
550
CE Galindo, a new settlement in the
Moche Valley, allows farmers to control irrigation. The settlement, covering
two square miles, includes four platform mounds, residences, storage areas,
llama corrals, and pottery workshops.
600
CE Monumental stone sculptures are erected at Tiwanaku. In human form, the
largest, known as the Bennett Stela, is twenty-four feet tall. The column-like
figures hold ritual implements: a drinking cup called a kero, and a snuff tray. The monumental figures may represent elite lineage
founders.
600
CE Wari, built over an earlier Huarpa settlement north of modern Ayacucho in
the south-central Andes, is a prosperous metropolis and capital of a rapidly
expanding state. Luxury goods such as fine textiles, polychrome ceramics,
ritual objects, and personal ornaments in shell, wood, bone, and semiprecious
stones are made by artists living in specialized craft compounds within the
city.
600
CE A major construction program begins
at Tiwanaku. In the city center, many buildings are dismantled and new stone
structures are built. The underground system of canals and drains is modified
and expanded; sizable elite compounds are built of adobe brick atop cut-stone
foundations. They are surrounded by substantial walls. The imposing Akapana
Pyramid has seven superimposed, earth-filled platforms of successively smaller
size with stone retaining walls.
630
CE Devastating rains associated with El Niño events are
followed by long-lasting droughts on Peru's northern coast, undermining the
power of Moche rulers. Floods destroy part of the Huaca del Sol and Huaca de la
Luna at Moche. The once thriving capital of the Moche state begins to be
abandoned.
650
CE The Wari build administrative centers in outlying provinces, among them
Viracochapampa in the northern highlands and Cerro Baúl in the Moquegua Valley
in the far south. Wari architecture features include long enclosing walls built
of rough field stones that stand up to forty feet high. Rigidly planned
compounds, some of two or more stories, have rectangular rooms set around
patios. Access to the compounds is controlled by a limited number of streets
and doors.
650
CE In northwestern Argentina, the Aguada peoples build on earlier
Condorhuasi-phase developments. Their participation in the wider pan-Andean
mythology is suggested by dragonlike creatures and staff-bearing figures
incised on handsome gray and polychrome ceramics.
700
CE Eight large Wari portrait jars are deposited near the village of La Victoria
in the Churunga Valley in the far south of Peru. The jars, almost three feet
tall, reportedly contain ninety-six rectangular cloth panels covered with blue
and yellow macaw feathers.
700
CE The Wari people invade and occupy the Cuzco Valley in the southern
highlands.
700
CE Moche dominance of the northern coast of Peru begins to fade as Wari
influence expands.
700
CE Record keeping in the form of sets of wrapped strings using threads of
different colors is in use in Wari.
750
CEAt San José de Moro in Peru's Jequetepeque Valley, a Moche priestess is laid
to rest in a cane coffin adorned with necklaces, ear ornaments, and bracelets
of shell and bone. Her offerings include seventy-three ceramic vessels, and
headdress ornaments and a face mask of hammered copper.
750 CE Aguada bronzeworking is highly developed.
Characteristic are ceremonial axes and circular plaques of which the most
elaborate feature a richly attired frontal figure in relief flanked by two
felines with big ears and long, curled tails.
750
CE At Pikillacta, a Wari site south of Cuzco, two offerings of forty miniature
turquoise figurines are buried below the floor of a room. Close to a main
ceremonial area, the figurines depict clothed males and females wearing
headgear and jewelry that indicate social status and identity. They may be
linked to an ancestor cult.
800 CE The Sicán peoples in the Lambayeque region on
Peru's northern coast gain power. They produce finely burnished blackware
vessels; their shapes and decoration are influenced by both regional Moche
ceramics and highland Wari ones.
800
CE Large Wari ceramic jars are intentionally shattered and buried in an
offering deposit at Pacheco in the lower Nazca Valley. They are painted with
male and female versions of the gateway god at Tiwanaku. Maize, quinoa, and
potato plants are also depicted on them.
800
CE A much revered oracle at Pachacámac on Peru's central coast attracts large
numbers of pilgrims. The site becomes urban, with ceremonial architecture,
palaces, residential sectors, artisan quarters, and storage areas. It may be
the regional center from which Wari religion is disseminated.
850
CE The city of Wari is abandoned.
900
CE Tiwanaku is at the height of its political power and cultural influence. The
Putuni Complex in the center of the city is rebuilt. It is thought to have been
the palace and court of Tiwanaku's royal dynasty. An estimated 500,000 people
live in the Titicaca Basin and beyond.
900
CE Metalworkers on Peru's northern coast produce large quantities of arsenical
bronze in small pear-shaped smelting furnaces. The durable, hard copper-arsenic
alloy replaces copper in the manufacture of tools such as knives, chisels, and
needles.
900
CE Five hundred miles south of Tiwanaku, ceramics and ritual objects made by
peoples in Chile's Atacama Desert display stylistic Tiwanaku influences. Wood
snuff trays carved with images from the Gateway of the Sun and ritual drinking
vessels called keros are common among them.
950
CE Impressive public rituals are held at major shrines and temples at Tiwanaku.
Animal sacrifices and offerings of precious goods maintain cosmic harmony and
ensure prosperity and security.
950
CE Construction begins at Chan Chan, capital of the Chimú kingdom, on Peru's
northern coast. Chayhuac is one of the first palace compounds built. The large
royal compounds, known as ciudalelas, are
constructed of adobe brick and surrounded by walls up to thirty feet high. They
have only one entrance.
1000
CE At the presumed capital of the Sicán kingdom in the La Leche Valley on
Peru's northern coast, Batán Grande, a ruler is buried almost forty feet below
ground at the foot of a stepped pyramid. Four individuals accompany him. The
1.2 tons of grave goods include a large treasure box with sixty head ornaments
of sheet gold.
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